An all-embracing science: The anthropological conception of Paolo Mantegazza.

This paper deals with the anthropological conception of the first modern Italian anthropologist, Paolo Mantegazza (1831-1910). We will begin by contextualizing the status of anthropology in Italy during the second half of the 19th century. Subsequently, we will delve into some of the inspirations that led the Italians to have such a multifaceted conception of the discipline. Next, we will outline the content of this approach and clarify the meaning of "omnicomprehensive science." From there, we will come to understand the reason for the variety of interests of the anthropologist, who aimed to study the human being in all aspects of life. We will then mention the moral objective present in his professional journey: through an understanding of the complexity of human life, the anthropologist wanted to contribute to the progress and well-being of society; in other words, to "living well."

History of chronic gastritis: How our perceptions have changed.

Currently, the diagnostic strategy for chronic gastritis (CG) is aimed not just at fixing the presence of gastric mucosal inflammation, but also at gastric cancer (GC) risk stratification in a particular patient. Modern classification approach with the definition of the stage of gastritis determines the need, activities and frequency of dynamic monitoring of a patient. However, this attitude to the patient suffering from CG was far from always. The present publication is a literature review describing the key milestones in the history of CG research, from the description of the first observations of inflammation of the gastric mucosa, assessment of gastritis as a predominantly functional disease, to the advent of endoscopy of the upper digestive tract and diagnostic gastric biopsy, assessment of the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in progression of inflammatory changes to atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and GC.

Sjögren: unique surname, two men, four syndromes and one disease.

Henrik and Torsten Sjögren (/'ʃoʊɡrən/ or SHOH-grən) were two Swedish physicians living in the same period, but completely unrelated, except for their notable contributions to Medicine. The first one described keratoconjunctivitis sicca, afterward called Sjögren's syndrome, and a fishing net aspect retinal pigmentation affecting visual acuity, nowadays known as Sjögren reticular dystrophy. The last one contributed to the understanding of Spielmeyer-Sjögren disease, Marinesco-Sjögren, and Sjögren-Larsson syndromes, all related to genetic disorders and neurological symptoms. In this paper, we aim to describe each disorder, in order to avoid any misunderstanding in diagnosis and for historical record.

Henrik e Torsten Sjögren (/ˈʃoʊɡrən/ ou SHOH-grən) foram dois médicos suecos que viveram na mesma época, mas não tinham nenhuma relação entre si, exceto por suas notáveis contribuições à medicina. O primeiro descreveu a ceratoconjuntivite sicca, posteriormente chamada de síndrome de Sjögren, e uma pigmentação da retina com aspecto de rede de pesca que afeta a acuidade visual, hoje conhecida como distrofia reticular de Sjögren. O último contribuiu para a compreensão da doença de Spielmeyer-Sjögren, das síndromes de Marinesco-Sjögren e Sjögren-Larsson, todas relacionadas a distúrbios genéticos e sintomas neurológicos. Neste artigo, pretendemos descrever cada desordem, a fim de evitar qualquer mal-entendido no diagnóstico e para registro histórico.

Debate: Seeds as Deep Time Technologies.

This essay theorizes crop seeds as deep time technologies, surveying a range of materialist approaches to the study of agriculture, from historical materialism to agroecology and actor-network theory. Recent studies of plant domestication suggest that the long history of human-plant relations and agrarian knowledge defy the reduction of seeds to products of nature or objects of property. Approaching seeds as technologies allows us to understand the actors and processes of improvement that demarcate biological material according to commercial and scientific logics. Framing seeds as a collaborative technological project with a 19,000-year history unseats industrial time as the dominant frame in the history of technology. It recasts political economy not simply as a construction of human social relations of production but also as it imagines the material used to produce life itself.

Creating a User-Inventor Community: How Disabled People Innovated and Marketed Disability in Early Nineteenth-Century America.

Early nineteenth-century America's robust trade in medical and health care products is richly documented, yet many scholars have overlooked just what role people with impairments played in that industry as inventors and retailers, forming relationships with clients based on their shared experiences of disability. A study of newspaper advertisements, patents, organizational records, medical accounts, and objects suggests that many impaired and formerly impaired producers marketed products to impaired consumers, creating an organic and unselfconscious network of disabled people who made, sold, and bought knowledge and devices about and for disability. Recovering this world of disabled inventors, retailers, and their clients reveals how disability fueled innovation in early nineteenth-century America, expanding scholarly understandings of who participated in and profited from the burgeoning medical and health care economy. This study also suggests that the market was an early venue of disability community where people came together around their common bond.

"One of the Grand Works of the World": Walt Whitman's Advocacy for the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1856-59.

When the Brooklyn Waterworks opened in 1859, it was one of America's most advanced water and sewer systems. Yet after Brooklyn was annexed by New York City, the waterworks' history slipped into obscurity, despite having a now-famous champion: the "poet of America," Walt Whitman, whose brother worked on the project. This article shows the Brooklyn poet's fierce, multiyear lobbying effort for the waterworks in various newspapers and introduces a wealth of newly recovered Whitman writings on the issue. As a journalist, Whitman exemplifies the nineteenth-century press as an intermediary between expert engineers and popular readers. The poet brought precise expertise, translated engineers' technical arguments into everyday language for his readers, and fought the resulting day-to-day political battles over construction in print. Whitman, then, is an underappreciated case study of the confluence of technology, public health, and local journalism.

As Ceaseless as the Sea: How Modern Construction Machines Disrupted Canadian Senses and Sensibilities, 1870s-1940s.

Since the late nineteenth century, Canada has required modern construction machines for industrial growth. Thanks to their novelty and visibility, these machines entered the Canadian psyche, symbolizing hopes and fears about the relentless transformations of modernity. Metaphors depicting these machines as zoomorphic and monstruous reflected the environmental-technological infrastructures they built, which redefined nature through technologies like trains, ships, and automobiles. This article discusses how Anglo-Canadians, particularly Ontarians, interpreted technology, drawing parallels with the automobile's history. Both had a problematic coexistence with humans as equally empowering and oppressive mobile machines that were imposed on public spaces and constructed as necessary for progress. The builders used the machines' allure to present construction as an inclusive civic spectacle and foster public tolerance for their relentless disruptions. They accomplished this faster than the automobile industry came to dominate the streets, as evidenced by the celebration of "sidewalk superintendents," compared to the contentious reproach of "jaywalkers."

La corrupción de la beneficencia en los debates parlamentarios del Trienio Liberal en España (1820-1823) / A corrupção das instituições de caridade nos debates parlamentares do Triênio Liberal na Espanha (1820-1823) / The corruption of charities in the parlamentary debates of the Liberal Triennium in Spain (1820-1823)

Una de las principales novedades del debate parlamentariode la ley de beneficencia en el Trienio Liberal radicó en lasdelaciones de irregularidades en la gestión de este tipo deestablecimientos. La meta principal de este estudio es analizardichas denuncias sobre la base de una triple diferenciación:las que apuntan a las irregularidades debidas a una malagestión de los recursos económicos, las que se refieren ala administración concejil y las que tienen que ver con ladejadez de quienes cuidaban a los menesterosos en talescasas. Los debates parlamentarios del Trienio liberal en laLey de Beneficencia se constituyen como fuente principaldel estudio. Metodológicamente se aborda el análisis de lasintervenciones de los diputados que participaron en la elaboraciónde dicha normativa. Lo extraño en esta época no eran estasirregularidades, asumidas como algo natural, sino el hechode que fueran denunciadas por los parlamentarios, pues elloevidencia un cambio sustancial en cuanto a la voluntad decontrolar la gestión económica de estos establecimientos,así como la responsabilidad de los cuidadores.(AU)

One of the main novelties in the parliamentary debate ofthe Charities Act during the Liberal Triennium consisted indenouncing the irregularities committed in such establishments.The main goal of this work is to analyse those denouncesaccording to a triple differentiation: those regarding anirregular management of the economic resources; thoseconcerning the council management; and those relating to ill-treatment in the charity houses. The parliamentary debatesof the Liberal Triennium in the Charity Law constitute themain source of the study. Methodologically, the analysis ofthe interventions of the deputies who participated in theelaboration of said regulations is addressed. Being assumed asnatural, such irregularities had never been denounced beforeby the Members of Parliament, which evidences a substantialchange in the will of controlling the economic managementof such establishments, as well as the caretakers’ behaviour.(AU)

Uma das principais novidades do debate parlamentar sobrea lei da caridade no Triênio Liberal foram os relatos deirregularidades na gestão desse tipo de estabelecimento. Oobjetivo principal deste estudo é analisar essas denúncias a partirde uma tripla diferenciação: as que apontam irregularidadespor má gestão dos recursos econômicos, as que se referemà gestão do conselho e as que dizem respeito ao descaso dequem cuidava dos necessitados em tais casas. Os debatesparlamentares do Triênio Liberal na Lei da Caridade constituema principal fonte do estudo. Metodologicamente, aborda-se aanálise das intervenções dos deputados que participaram daelaboração do referido regulamento. O estranho nessa épocanão foram essas irregularidades, presumidas como naturais,mas o fato de terem sido denunciadas por parlamentares, poisisso mostra uma mudança substancial em termos da vontadede controlar a gestão econômica desses estabelecimentos,bem como do cuidadores de responsabilidade.(AU)

Dystocia in cattle and horses: a compilation of historical artworks dedicated to Professor Gerhard Sand (1861-1921).

Professor Gerhard Sand (1861-1921) was the first professor of veterinary obstetrics at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark. He began teaching the theory and practice of obstetrics to veterinary students in 1887 and spent the following years until his death in 1921 developing the veterinary obstetrics teaching program. During this period, veterinary obstetrics was established as an independent discipline at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. Professor Sand's teaching had a major impact on the field of veterinary obstetrics in Scandinavia. He was devoted to teaching veterinary obstetrics and produced a number of obstetrical illustrations, some of which showed different causes of dystocia, mainly fetal malpresentation in cattle and horses. Professor Sand created the illustrations with the intention of publishing a handbook of obstetrics, but due to illness and an early death, this work was never completed. This compilation of historical artworks of dystocia in cattle and horses includes some of these illustrations and is published to honour Professor Sand, with the intention of making his illustrations widely available for the teaching of veterinary obstetrics.

A comment on "Height and the standard of living in Puerto Rico from the Spanish Enlightenment to annexation by the United States, 1770-1924".

Using prisoner height data, Moreno-Lázaro (2023) claims that Puerto Rican living standards declined after US annexation and stagnated for decades. This conclusion is not supported by the prisoner data and is inconsistent with other welfare measures that show dramatic improvement, such as per capita GDP, life expectancy, and literacy.

Juan Vegue Martín (1884-ca. 1949). Del Guijuelo salmantino a la Guinea española / Juan Vegue Martín (1884-ca. 1949). From the Guijuelo’s region to Spanish Guinea

Utilizando como fuente principal la documentación conservada en los Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos de Madrid y Toledo, la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, la sección de África en el Archivo General de la Administración y la prensa períodica local, en particular la impresa en Salamanca y Santa Isabel (Guinea), reconstruimos la biografía del farmacéutico Juan Vegue Martín, desde su tierra natal en la comarca salmantina de Guijuelo hasta los últimos datos conocidos, en los territorios coloniales de la Guinea Española. Una biografía que puede servir como estudio de caso para otros farmacéuticos rurales, de vida nómada, que vivieron -y sufrieron- los años de la Guerra Civil española.(AU)

Using as main source the documentation kept in the Official Colleges of Pharmacists of Madrid and Toledo, the University of Santiago de Compostela, the section of Africa in the General Archive of the Administration and the local periodical press, particularly the one printed in Salamanca and Santa Isabel (Guinea), we reconstruct the biography of the pharmacist Juan Vegue Martín, from his homeland in the Guijuelo region of Salamanca to the latest known data, in the colonial territories of Spanish Guinea. A biography that can serve as a case study for other rural pharmacists, with a nomadic life, who lived through -and suffered- the years of the Spanish Civil War.(AU)

Trayectoria del trastorno formal del pensamiento, desde la observación clínica al análisis computacional / Trajectory of formal thought disorder, from clinical observation to computational analysis

La adecuada comprensión de un término psicopatológico requiere, no solo del conocimiento de la alteración descrita, sino también de los contextos y conceptos a partir de los cuales fue acuñado y de la transformación de los mismos a lo largo del tiempo. En el caso del trastorno formal del pensamiento se describe su evolución desde su incorporación a la psicopatología con fines puramente descriptivos y asociado a la influencia del asociacionismo y a la idea de una dependencia directa entre pensamiento y lenguaje hasta la actualidad, en que el uso de herramientas computacionales y de hipótesis provenientes de la lingüística han promovido su uso como instrumento diagnóstico y marcador pronóstico, al tiempo que ha significado la incorporación de nueva terminología. (AU)

Properly understanding a psychopathological term requires knowledge of the disorder described, the contexts and concepts from which it was coined, and its modification over time. In the case of formal thought disorder, we describe its evolution from its incorporation into psychopathology for purely descriptive purposes and associated with the influence of associationism and the idea of a direct dependence between thought and language to the present day, in which the use of computational tools and hypotheses from linguistics have promoted its use as a diagnostic tool and prognostic marker, while simultaneously leading to the incorporation of new terminology. (AU)

Revisión de un libro pionero sobre epidemias de Risueño de Amador (1829) / Review of a pioneer book on epidemics by Risueño de Amador (1829)

En este artículo se revisa y comenta el libro de epidemiología escrito por el médico español Benigno Risueño de Amador (1802-1849), publicado inicialmente en francés (1829) y posteriormente traducido al español (1831). Este estudio documental retrospectivo de un manual científico-médico glosa el contenido del libro, destacando sus aspectos más importantes. El libro de casi doscientos años de antigüedad puede considerarse una valiosa y temprana contribución a la epidemio-logía, así como una muestra de la gran preocupación existente en la Europa de principios del siglo XIX por el tema de las epidemias. Representa además una valiosa contribución española, que muestra los esfuerzos realizados para avanzar en esta disciplina médica hacia una posición más científica en una época incipientemente microbiana.(AU)

This article reviews and comments on the epidemiological book written by the Spanish physician Benigno Risueño de Amador (1802-1849), initially published in French (1829), and its subsequent translation into Spanish (1831). This retrospective documentary case study of a scientific-medical manual reviews the contents of the book, highlighting its most important aspects. This almost 200-year-old book can be considered a valuable, early contribution to epidemiology, and a sign of the great concern in early 19th Europe about the subject of epidemics. It represents a valuable contribution that shows the enormous efforts made to advance in this medical discipline towards a more scientific position at an incipient microbial time.(AU)

A Rebuttal To Psychoanalytic Biography Of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) was the founder of the modern-day Turkish Republic. Although much has been published about his life, only one biography adopted a psychological/psychoanalytic perspective. The authors Vamik Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz argued that the main driving mechanism behind Atatürk's behavior was his narcissistic personality organization. Their framework considered Mustafa's birth, which occurred shortly after his elder brothers had passed away, and how his mother, presumably in a state of severe depression, could not provide adequate emotional care, which gave way to compensatory narcissistic tendencies in the child. For several decades, the hypothesis has remained unchallenged, and no serious review has yet been carried out. In this article, I argue that Mustafa Kemal was a highly intelligent and gifted child based on his well-developed verbal skills and his record as a high achiever at school. While considering the impact of adverse events in early childhood on cognitive development and personality, a review of historical texts revealed that his elder brothers died in 1883-not before Mustafa's birth, as the authors had believed. Thus, no serious event appears to have taken place in his early years when rapid brain development is thought to occur. Since the central premise has lost its integrity to support the biography, Volkan and Itzkowitz's hypothesis can no longer be regarded as tenable and viable.